Discrimination against blacks linked to dehumanization, study finds

Crude historical depictions of African Americans as ape-like may have disappeared from mainstream U.S. culture, but research presented in a new paper by psychologists at Stanford, Pennsylvania State University and the University of California-Berkeley reveals that many Americans subconsciously associate blacks with apes.

In addition, the findings show that society is more likely to condone violence against black criminal suspects as a result of its broader inability to accept African Americans as fully human, according to the researchers.

Co-author Jennifer Eberhardt, a Stanford associate professor of psychology who is black, said she was shocked by the results, particularly since they involved subjects born after Jim Crow and the civil rights movement. "This was actually some of the most depressing work I have done," she said. "This shook me up. You have suspicions when you do the work—intuitions—you have a hunch. But it was hard to prepare for how strong [the black-ape association] was—how we were able to pick it up every time."

The paper, "Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization and Contemporary Consequences," is the result of a series of six previously unpublished studies conducted by Eberhardt, Pennsylvania State University psychologist Phillip Atiba Goff (the lead author and a former student of Eberhardt's) and Matthew C. Jackson and Melissa J. Williams, graduate students at Penn State and Berkeley, respectively. The paper is scheduled to appear Feb. 7 in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, which is published by the American Psychological Association.

The research took place over six years at Stanford and Penn State under Eberhardt's supervision. It involved mostly white male undergraduates. In a series of studies that subliminally flashed black or white male faces on a screen for a fraction of a second to "prime" the students, researchers found subjects could identify blurry ape drawings much faster after they were primed with black faces than with white faces. The researchers consistently discovered a black-ape association even if the young adults said they knew nothing about its historical connotations. The connection was made only with African American faces; the paper's third study failed to find an ape association with other non-white groups, such as Asians. Despite such race-specific findings, the researchers stressed that dehumanization and animal imagery have been used for centuries to justify violence against many oppressed groups.

"Despite widespread opposition to racism, bias remains with us," Eberhardt said. "African Americans are still dehumanized; we're still associated with apes in this country. That association can lead people to endorse the beating of black suspects by police officers, and I think it has lots of other consequences that we have yet to uncover."

Historical background: Scientific racism in the United States was graphically promoted in a mid-19th-century book by Josiah C. Nott and George Robins Gliddon titled Types of Mankind, which used misleading illustrations to suggest that "Negroes" ranked between "Greeks" and chimpanzees. "When we have a history like that in this country, I don't know how much of that goes away completely, especially to the extent that we are still dealing with severe racial inequality, which fuels and maintains those associations in ways that people are unaware," Eberhardt said.

Although such grotesque characterizations of African Americans have largely disappeared from mainstream U.S. society, Eberhardt noted that science education could be partly responsible for reinforcing the view that blacks are less evolved than whites. An iconic 1970 illustration, "March of Progress," published in the Time-Life book Early Man, depicts evolution beginning with a chimpanzee and ending with a white man. "It's a legacy of our past that the endpoint of evolution is a white man," Eberhardt said. "I don't think it's intentional, but when people learn about human evolution, they walk away with a notion that people of African descent are closer to apes than people of European descent.

When people think of a civilized person, a white man comes to mind."

Consequences of socially endorsed violence: In the paper's fifth study, the researchers subliminally primed 115 white male undergraduates with words associated with either apes (such as "monkey," "chimp," "gorilla") or big cats (such as "lion," "tiger," "panther"). The latter was used as a control because both images are associated with violence and Africa, Eberhardt said. The subjects then watched a two-minute video clip, similar to the television program COPS, depicting several police officers violently beating a man of undetermined race. A mugshot of either a white or a black man was shown at the beginning of the clip to indicate who was being beaten, with a description conveying that, although described by his family as "a loving husband and father," the suspect had a serious criminal record and may have been high on drugs at the time of his arrest.

The students were then asked to rate how justified the beating was. Participants who believed the suspect was white were no more likely to condone the beating when they were primed with either ape or big cat words, Eberhardt said. But those who thought the suspect was black were more likely to justify the beating if they had been primed with ape words than with big cat words. "Taken together, this suggests that implicit knowledge of a Black-ape association led to marked differences in participants' judgments of Black criminal suspects," the researchers write.

According to the paper's authors, this link has devastating consequences for African Americans because it "alters visual perception and attention, and it increases endorsement of violence against black suspects." For example, the paper's sixth study showed that in hundreds of news stories from 1979 to 1999 in the Philadelphia Inquirer, African Americans convicted of capital crimes were about four times more likely than whites convicted of capital crimes to be described with ape-relevant language, such as "barbaric," "beast," "brute," "savage" and "wild." "Those who are implicitly portrayed as more ape-like in these articles are more likely to be executed by the state than those who are not," the researchers write.

The way forward:

Despite the paper's findings, Eberhardt said she is optimistic about the future. "This work isn't arguing that there hasn't been any progress made or that we are living in the same society that existed in the 19th century," she said. "We have made a lot of progress on race issues, but we should recognize that racial bias isn't dead. We still need to be aware of that and aware of all the different ways [racism] can affect us, despite our intentions and motivations to be egalitarian. We still have work to do."

For Eberhardt, two stories of race exist in America. "One is about the disappearance of bias—that it's no longer with us," she said. "But the other is about the transformation of bias. It's not the egregious bias anymore, but it's modern bias, subtle bias." With both of these stories, she said, there is an understanding that society has moved beyond the historic battles centered around race. "We want to argue, with this work, that there is one old race battle that we're still fighting," she said. "That is the battle for blacks to be recognized as fully human."

This research was supported by a Stanford University Dean's Award to Jennifer Eberhardt. -30-

Contact: Jennifer Eberhardt jleberhardt@stanford.edu 650-725-2419 Stanford University

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Freedom Calendar 02/09/08 - 02/16/08

February 9, 1864, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton deliver over 100,000 signatures to U.S. Senate supporting Republicans’ plans for constitutional amendment to ban slavery.

February 10, 1995, Death of Judge Masaji Marumoto, Japanese-American Republican who served with distinction on Hawaii Supreme Court.

February 11, 1856, Republican Montgomery Blair argues before U.S. Supreme Court on behalf of his client, the slave Dred Scott; later served in President Lincoln’s Cabinet.

Abraham Lincoln’s Birthday, February 12, 1909, On 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, African-American Republicans and women’s suffragists Ida Wells and Mary Terrell co-found the NAACP.

February 13, 1862 Birth of Republican Benigno Hernandez, first Hispanic U.S. Representative from New Mexico (1915-17, 1919-21).

February 14, 1928, Birth of Ben Garrido Blaz, Hispanic Republican and former Brigadier General; served as Delegate from Guam to U.S. Congress, 1985-93.

February 15, 1932, Republican President Herbert Hoover nominates Benjamin Cardozo as second Jewish Justice on U.S. Supreme Court.

February 16, 1812 Birth of Republican civil rights activist and U.S. Senator (R-MA) Henry Wilson, Vice President under Ulysses Grant.

“The Republican Party is the ship, all else is the sea.”

Frederick Douglass, Republican Civil Rights Activist

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Presidential Podcast 02/09/08

Presidential Podcast 02/09/08 . Subscribe to Our Podcast feed or online podnova Podcast Channel and receive the weekly Presidential Radio Address in English and Spanish with select State Department Briefings. Featuring full audio and text transcripts, More content Sources added often so stay tuned. In Focus: Judicial Nominees

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Bush radio address 02/09/08 full audio, text transcript

bush radio address 02/09/08 full audio, text transcript. President's Radio Address In Focus: Judicial Nominees

Subscribe to Our Podcast feed or online podnova Podcast Channel and receive the weekly Presidential Radio Address in English and Spanish with select State Department Briefings. Featuring real audio and full text transcripts, More content Sources added often so stay tuned.

THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. One of the most important jobs of any President is to find good men and women to lead government agencies, preside over our courts, and provide vital services to the American people. So I have nominated talented individuals for these positions. Unfortunately, the Senate is not meeting its responsibility to consider these nominees in a timely manner. More than 180 of my nominees are waiting for confirmation. Some have been waiting for more than a year. As a result, careers have been put on hold, families have been placed in limbo, and our government has been deprived of the service of these fine nominees.

On Thursday I stood with many of these nominees at the White House. They are decent and talented people. The Senate needs to confirm them to address important issues, from the economy to public safety to national security.

One of the most important institutions for America's economy is the Federal Reserve. The Fed decides monetary policy, and it sets key interest rates that have an impact on homeowners and businesses across our country. Yet the Senate has been delaying three of my nominations to the Fed for nearly 9 months. My nominees have valuable experience and skills, and I urge the Senate to confirm them as soon as possible.

Another important institution is the Federal Aviation Administration. The FAA plays a vital role in keeping you safe when you fly. In October I nominated Bobby Sturgell to lead the FAA. Bobby has nearly 20 years of cockpit experience from his time as a Navy fighter pilot, Top Gun instructor, and commercial airline pilot. He's committed to addressing problems that have caused airline delays, and I urge senators to put politics aside and confirm him to office.

In this time of war, we need a strong Department of Justice. Yet the Senate has not voted on nominations for seven senior leadership positions at the department. One of those vacancies is for Deputy Attorney General. The Deputy Attorney General helps lead efforts to detect and prevent terrorist attacks at home.

I've selected an outstanding nominee for this position: Judge Mark Filip. This former prosecutor has earned a reputation for being fair-minded and dedicated. Several years ago the Senate confirmed him unanimously for a lifetime position on the Federal bench. Now I ask senators to confirm him once again so he can help keep our nation safe.

As senators confirm these nominees, they must also confirm judges to the Federal bench. I have nominated highly qualified individuals who will rule by the letter of the law, not the whim of the gavel. Unfortunately, the Senate continues to delay votes for 28 of my judicial nominees. Three of my nominees for the Court of Appeals have waited nearly 600 days. These delays are irresponsible, they undermine the cause of justice, and I call on the United States Senate to give these nominees the up or down vote they deserve.

When men and women agree to serve in public office, we should treat them with respect and dignity, and that means giving them a prompt confirmation vote. When the Senate fails to give nominees a timely vote, it leaves important positions in our government vacant, and it makes it harder for Presidents of both parties to attract good men and women to serve in these vital posts.

By working together, Republicans and Democrats can chart a better course. We can bring every nomination to the floor for a vote, and give the American people the kind of public servants they deserve.

Thank you for listening. # # #

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Discurso Radial del Presidente a la Nación 02/09/08

forre el audio de la dirección de radio 2/09/08 por completo, transcripción del texto. (nota de los redactores: ninguna lengua española mp3 lanzó esta semana, apesadumbrada) PODCAST

Suscribir a nuestro canal de Podcast de Odeo o del podnova y recibir la dirección de radio presidencial semanal en inglés y español con informes selectos del departamento del estado. Ofreciendo transcripciones audio y con texto completo verdaderas, más fuentes contentas agregaron a menudo así que la estancia templó.

Buenos Días.

Una de las tareas más importantes de cualquier Presidente es la de encontrar buenos hombres y mujeres para dirigir agencias gubernamentales, presidir nuestros tribunales, y proporcionar servicios vitales al pueblo estadounidense. Por lo tanto he nominado a individuos talentosos para estas posiciones. Desafortunadamente, el Senado no está cumpliendo con su responsabilidad de considerar a estos candidatos de forma oportuna. Más de 180 de mis candidatos están esperando ser confirmados. Algunos han estado esperando más de un año. Como resultado, carreras han sido detenidas, familias se han encontrado en el limbo, y nuestro gobierno se ha visto privado del servicio de estos excelentes candidatos.

El jueves estuve con muchos de estos candidatos en la Casa Blanca. Son personas decentes y talentosas. El Senado necesita confirmarlos para abordar temas importantes, desde la economía a la seguridad pública a la seguridad nacional.

Una de las instituciones más importantes para la economía de los Estados Unidos es la Reserva Federal. El Fed decide la política monetaria y fija tasas de interés claves que tienen un impacto sobre los dueños de casa y los negocios en todo el país. Sin embargo el Senado ha estado demorando tres de mis nominaciones al Fed por casi 9 meses. Mis candidatos tienen experiencia y habilidades valiosas, y yo insto al Senado que los confirme lo más pronto posible.

Otra institución importante es la Administración Federal de la Aviación, o FAA por sus siglas en inglés. La FAA desempeña un papel vital en mantenerlos a ustedes a salvo cuando vuelan. En Octubre nominé a Bobby Sturgell para dirigir la FAA. Bobby tiene casi 20 años de experiencia en la cabina de piloto desde su tiempo como piloto de combate de la Marina, instructor Top Gun y piloto de aviación comercial. Él está comprometido a abordar problemas que han causado demoras en la aviación, y yo insto a los senadores que pongan a un lado la política y lo confirmen en este puesto.

En estos momentos de guerra, necesitamos un Departamento de Justicia fuerte. Sin embargo el Senado no ha votado sobre nominaciones para siete posiciones superiores de liderazgo en este departamento. Una de estas vacantes es para Sub-Fiscal General. El Sub-Fiscal General ayuda a encabezar esfuerzos para detectar y evitar ataques terroristas en casa.

He seleccionado un candidato sobresaliente para esta posición: el Juez Mark Filip. Este antiguo fiscal se ha ganado una reputación por ser ecuánime y dedicado. Hace varios años el Senado lo confirmó por voto unánime para una posición vitalicia en el tribunal Federal. Ahora les pido a los senadores que lo vuelvan a confirmar para que él pueda ayudar a mantener a nuestra nación a salvo.

Al mismo tiempo que los senadores confirmen a estos candidatos, también deben confirmar jueces al tribunal Federal. He nominado a ocho individuos altamente calificados que ejercerán según la letra de la ley, y no por el capricho del martillo de juez. Desafortunadamente, el Senado sigue demorando los votos para 28 de mis candidatos judiciales. Tres de mis candidatos a la Corte de Apelaciones han esperado casi 600 días. Estas demoras son irresponsables, socavan la causa de la justicia, y le pido al Senado de Estados Unidos que les den a estos candidatos el voto sí o no que merecen.

Cuando hombres y mujeres aceptan servir en la función pública, debemos tratarlos con respeto y dignidad, y esto significa darles un voto de confirmación puntual. Cuando el Senado no les da un voto oportuno a los candidatos deja vacantes importantes posiciones en nuestro gobierno, y hace más difícil que Presidentes de ambos partidos atraigan a buenos hombres y mujeres para servir en estos puestos vitales.

Trabajando juntos, los Republicanos y los Demócratas pueden trazar un mejor curso. Podemos traer todas las nominaciones a votación, y dar al pueblo estadounidense la clase de funcionario público que merece.

Gracias por escuchar.

Para su publicación inmediata Oficina del Secretario de Prensa 9 de febrero de 2008

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Ron Paul addresses CPAC VIDEO

Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX) at the 35th Annual Conservative Political Action Conference FULL STREAMING VIDEO.(February 7, 2008). Rep. Ron Paul (R-TX) addresses the 35th Annual Conservative Political Action Conference. CPAC is sponsored by the American Conservative Union. Washington, DC : 25:49 min.

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John McCain addresses CPAC VIDEO

Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) at CPAC - FULL STREAMING VIDEO. Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) addresses the 35th Annual Conservative Political Action Conference. The GOP Presidential candidate is introduced by Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK). Earlier today, Mitt Romney announced his withdrawl from the Presidential campaign. 36:53 min.

Remarks By John McCain to CPAC. FULL TEXT TRANSCRIPT. For Immediate Release. February 7, 2008. Contact: Press Office. 703-650-5550

ARLINGTON, VA -- U.S. Senator John McCain's presidential campaign today released the following remarks by John McCain as prepared for delivery:

Thank you. Thank you for inviting me. It's been a little while since I've had the honor of addressing you, and I appreciate very much your courtesy to me today. We should do this more often. I hope you will pardon my absence last year, and understand that I intended no personal insult to any of you. I was merely pre-occupied with the business of trying to escape the distinction of pre-season frontrunner for the Republican nomination, which, I'm sure some of you observed, I managed to do in fairly short order. But, now, I again have the privilege of that distinction, and this time I would prefer to hold on to it for a while.

I know I have a responsibility, if I am, as I hope to be, the Republican nominee for President, to unite the party and prepare for the great contest in November. And I am acutely aware that I cannot succeed in that endeavor, nor can our party prevail over the challenge we will face from either Senator Clinton or Senator Obama, without the support of dedicated conservatives, whose convictions, creativity and energy have been indispensible to the success our party has had over the last quarter century. Many of you have disagreed strongly with some positions I have taken in recent years. I understand that. I might not agree with it, but I respect it for the principled position it is. And it is my sincere hope that even if you believe I have occasionally erred in my reasoning as a fellow conservative, you will still allow that I have, in many ways important to all of us, maintained the record of a conservative. Further, I hope you will grant that I have defended many positions we share just as ardently as I have made my case for positions that have provoked your opposition. If not, thank you for this opportunity to make my case today.

I am proud to be a conservative, and I make that claim because I share with you that most basic of conservative principles: that liberty is a right conferred by our Creator, not by governments, and that the proper object of justice and the rule of law in our country is not to aggregate power to the state but to protect the liberty and property of its citizens. And like you, I understand, as Edmund Burke observed, that "whenever a separation is made between liberty and justice, neither . . . is safe."

While I have long worked to help grow a public majority of support for Republican candidates and principles, I have also always believed, like you, in the wisdom of Ronald Reagan, who warned in an address to this conference in 1975, that "a political party cannot be all things to all people. It must represent certain fundamental beliefs which must not be compromised to political expediency or simply to swell its numbers."

I attended my first CPAC conference as the invited guest of Ronald Reagan, not long after I had returned from overseas, when I heard him deliver his "shining city upon a hill" speech. I was still a naval officer then, but his words inspired and helped form my own political views, just as Ronald Reagan's defense of America's cause in Vietnam and his evident concern for American prisoners of war in that conflict inspired and were a great comfort to those of us who, in my friend Jerry Denton's words, had the honor of serving "our country under difficult circumstances." I am proud, very proud, to have come to public office as a foot soldier in the Reagan Revolution. And if a few of my positions have raised your concern that I have forgotten my political heritage, I want to assure you that I have not, and I am as proud of that association today as I was then. My record in public office taken as a whole is the record of a mainstr eam conservative. I believe today, as I believed twenty-five years ago, in small government; fiscal discipline; low taxes; a strong defense, judges who enforce, and not make, our laws; the social values that are the true source of our strength; and, generally, the steadfast defense of our rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, which I have defended my entire career as God-given to the born and unborn.

Those are my beliefs, and you need not examine only my past votes and speeches to assure yourselves that they are my genuine convictions. You can take added confidence from the positions I have defended during this campaign. I campaigned in Iowa in opposition to agriculture subsidies. I campaigned in New Hampshire against big government mandated health care and for a free market solution to the problem of unavailable and unaffordable health care. I campaigned in Michigan for the tax incentives and trade policies that will create new and better jobs in that economically troubled state. I campaigned in Florida against the national catastrophic insurance fund bill that passed the House of Representatives and defended my opposition to the prescription drug benefit bill that saddled Americans with yet another hugely expensive entitlement program. I have argued to make the Bush tax cuts permanent, to reduce the corporate tax rate and abolish the AMT. I have defended my position on protecting our Second Amendment rights, including my votes against waiting periods, bans on the so-called "assault weapons," and illegitimate lawsuits targeting gun manufacturers. I have proudly defended my twenty-four year pro-life record. Throughout this campaign, I have defended the President's brave decision to increase troop levels in Iraq to execute a long overdue counterinsurgency that has spared us the terrible calamity of losing that war. I held these positions because I believed they were in the best interests of my party and country."

Surely, I have held other positions that have not met with widespread agreement from conservatives. I won't pretend otherwise nor would you permit me to forget it. On the issue of illegal immigration, a position which provoked the outspoken opposition of many conservatives, I stood my ground aware that my position would imperil my campaign. I respect your opposition for I know that the vast majority of critics to the bill based their opposition in a principled defense of the rule of law. And while I and other Republican supporters of the bill were genuine in our intention to restore control of our borders, we failed, for various and understandable reasons, to convince Americans that we were. I accept that, and have pledged that it would be among my highest priorities to secure our borders first, and only after we achieved widespread consensus that our borders are secure, would we address other aspects of the problem in a wa y that defends the rule of law and does not encourage another wave of illegal immigration.

All I ask of any American, conservative, moderate, independent, or enlightened Democrat, is to judge my record as a whole, and accept that I am not in the habit of making promises to my country that I do not intend to keep. I hope I have proven that in my life even to my critics. Then vote for or against me based on that record, my qualifications for the office, and the direction where I plainly state I intend to lead our country. If I am so fortunate as to be the Republican nominee for President, I will offer Americans, in what will be a very challenging and spirited contest, a clearly conservative approach to governing. I will make my case to voters, no matter what state they reside in, in the same way. I will not obscure my positions from voters who I fear might not share them. I will stand on my convictions, my conservative convictions, and trust in the good sense of the voters, and in my confidence that conservative pr inciples still appeal to a majority of Americans, Republicans, Independents and Reagan Democrats.

Often elections in this country are fought within the margins of small differences. This one will not be. We are arguing about hugely consequential things. Whomever the Democrats nominate, they would govern this country in a way that will, in my opinion, take this country backward to the days when government felt empowered to take from us our freedom to decide for ourselves the course and quality of our lives; to substitute the muddled judgment of large and expanding federal bureaucracies for the common sense and values of the American people; to the timidity and wishful thinking of a time when we averted our eyes from terrible threats to our security that were so plainly gathering strength abroad. It is shameful and dangerous that Senate Democrats are blocking an extension of surveillance powers that enable our intelligence and law enforcement to defend our country against radical Islamic extremists. This election is going to be about big things, not small things. And I intend to fight as hard as I can to ensure that our principles prevail over theirs.

Senator Clinton and Senator Obama want to increase the size of the federal government.

I intend to reduce it. I will not sign a bill with earmarks in it, any earmarks in it. I will fight for the line item veto, and I will not permit any expansion whatsoever of the entitlement programs that are bankrupting us. On the contrary, I intend to reform those programs so that government is no longer in that habit of making promises to Americans it does not have the means to keep.

Senator Clinton and Senator Obama will raise your taxes.

I intend to cut them. I will start by making the Bush tax cuts permanent. I will cut corporate tax rates from 35 to 25% to keep industries and jobs in this country. I will end the Alternate Minimum Tax. And I won't let a Democratic Congress raise your taxes and choke the growth of our economy.

They will offer a big government solution to health care insurance coverage.

I intend to address the problem with free market solutions and with respect for the freedom of individuals to make important choices for themselves.

They will appoint to the federal bench judges who are intent on achieving political changes that the American people cannot be convinced to accept through the election of their representatives.

I intend to nominate judges who have proven themselves worthy of our trust that they take as their sole responsibility the enforcement of laws made by the people's elected representatives, judges of the character and quality of Justices Roberts and Alito, judges who can be relied upon to respect the values of the people whose rights, laws and property they are sworn to defend.

Senator Clinton and Senator Obama will withdraw our forces from Iraq based on an arbitrary timetable designed for the sake of political expediency, and which recklessly ignores the profound human calamity and dire threats to our security that would ensue.

I intend to win the war, and trust in the proven judgment of our commanders there and the courage and selflessness of the Americans they have the honor to command. I share the grief over the terrible losses we have suffered in its prosecution. There is no other candidate for this office who appreciates more than I do just how awful war is. But I know that the costs in lives and treasure we would incur should we fail in Iraq will be far greater than the heartbreaking losses we have suffered to date. And I will not allow that to happen.

They won't recognize and seriously address the threat posed by an Iran with nuclear ambitions to our ally, Israel, and the region.

I intend to make unmistakably clear to Iran we will not permit a government that espouses the destruction of the State of Israel as its fondest wish and pledges undying enmity to the United States to possess the weapons to advance their malevolent ambitions.

Senator Clinton and Senator Obama will concede to our critics that our own actions to defend against its threats are responsible for fomenting the terrible evil of radical Islamic extremism, and their resolve to combat it will be as flawed as their judgment.

I intend to defeat that threat by staying on offense and by marshaling every relevant agency of our government, and our allies, in the urgent necessity of defending the values, virtues and security of free people against those who despise all that is good about us.

These are but a few of the differences that will define this election. They are very significant differences, and I promise you, I intend to contest these issues on conservative grounds and fight as hard as I can to defend the principles and positions we share, and to keep this country safe, proud, prosperous and free.

We have had a few disagreements, and none of us will pretend that we won't continue to have a few. But even in disagreement, especially in disagreement, I will seek the counsel of my fellow conservatives. If I am convinced my judgment is in error, I will correct it. And if I stand by my position, even after benefit of your counsel, I hope you will not lose sight of the far more numerous occasions when we are in complete accord.

I began by assuring you that we share a conception of liberty that is the bedrock of our beliefs as conservatives. As you know, I was deprived of liberty for a time in my life, and while my love of liberty is no greater than yours, you can be confident that mine is the equal of any American's. It is a deep and unwavering love. My life experiences in service to our country inform my political judgments. They are at the core of my convictions. I am pro-life and an advocate for the Rights of Man everywhere in the world because of them, because I know that to be denied liberty is an offense to nature and nature's Creator. I will never waver in that conviction, I promise you. I know in this country our liberty will not be seized in a political revolution or by a totalitarian government. But, rather, as Burke warned, it can be "nibbled away, for expedience, and by parts." I am alert to that risk and will defend against it, and ta ke comfort from the knowledge that I will be encouraged in that defense by my fellow conservatives.

You have heard me say before that for all my reputation as a maverick, I have only found true happiness in serving a cause greater than my self-interest. For me, that cause has always been our country, and the ideals that have made us great. I have been her imperfect servant for many years, and I have made many mistakes. You can attest to that, but need not. For I know them well myself. But I love her deeply and I will never, never tire of the honor of serving her. I cannot do that without your counsel and support. And I am grateful, very grateful, that you have given me this opportunity to ask for it.

Thank you and God bless you.

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Mitt Romney Super Tuesday Speech VIDEO

Fmr. Gov. Mitt Romney (R-MA) Speech from Boston, MA. FULL STREAMING VIDEO. Fmr. Gov. Mitt Romney (R-MA) Super Tuesday speech from his headquarters in Boston, MA. 2/5/2008: WASHINGTON, DC: 12:35 min. Governor Mitt Romney On Super Tuesday FULL TEXT TRANSCRIPT

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Mike Huckabee Super Tuesday Speech VIDEO

Fmr. Gov. Mike Huckabee (R-AR) Speech from Little Rock, AR. FULL STREAMING VIDEO. Fmr. Gov. Mike Huckabee (R-AR) Super Tuesday speech from his campaign headquarters in Little Rock, AR. 2/5/2008: 15:10 min.

News Release: Mike Huckabee Wins First Super Tuesday Contest. Former Arkansas Governor Wins All of West Virginia’s 18 Delegates. February 05, 2008

Little Rock, AR – Former Arkansas Governor and Presidential Candidate Mike Huckabee decisively won the first victory of Super Tuesday 2008 by winning West Virginia’s 18 at-large delegates this afternoon.

Earlier today, Huckabee spoke at the West Virginia Republican Convention, emphasizing his positive message of family, life, and freedom which he said “triumphed in the Mountaineer State” and will continue to resonate in numerous Super Tuesday states, from Alabama to Alaska.

“Two days ago, the New York Giants pulled off the greatest upset in Super Bowl history. Today, as pundits write my political obituary, we won a key Super Tuesday victory. Time and time again, my campaign has defied conventional wisdom. We did so in Iowa, after being outspent 20:1, and we did so today by winning what I hope will be the first of many Super Tuesday victories.”

“Our campaign is testament that the American dream is alive and well,” said Huckabee. “Running for President isn’t about who spends the most money or who has the most support on Wall Street or on K Street. If that was the case, the nomination picture would look vastly different.

”This victory was a triumph of Main Street, sending a message that becoming President of the Unites States is about message not money, principles not politics, and courage not convenience. Luckily for America, in places like Iowa and West Virginia, voters lead example and do the right thing regardless of what the pundits might say,” said Huckabee. # # # #

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John McCain Super Tuesday Speech VIDEO

Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) Super Tuesday speech from his headquarters in Phoenix, AZ. : 12:14 min. Real Media, FULL STREAMING VIDEO. ARLINGTON, VA -- U.S. Senator John McCain's presidential campaign today released the following remarks by John McCain as prepared for delivery tonight in Phoenix, Arizona: FULL TEXT TRANSCRIPT

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Super Tuesday primary Live VIDEO

24 states will participate in today's 2008 'Super Tuesday' primary. See the latest results C-SPAN coverage begins at 8:00 PM ET. and includes candidate victory and concession speeches, and live call in reactions to the election results.

LIVE STREAMING VIDEO NEWS FEEDS

CNN - Windows Media.

C-SPAN - Real Media.

C-SPAN - Windows Media.

NBC MOBILE - Windows Media



Map of the United States showing the states holding caucus and primary elections on Super Tuesday of the 2008 U.S. presidential primary cycle.

Key:

* Purple: states holding elections for both parties (19)
* Blue: Democratic Party (United States)en-only elections (3)
* Red: Republican Party (United States)en-only elections (2)

Map image by and ©2008 Dustin M. Ramsey (Kralizec!). This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License. In short: you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it, and that you distribute it only under a license identical to this one. Official license

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President Bush Meets with Cabinet, Discusses Budget VIDEO PODCAST

President George W. Bush holds up a computer with the E-Budget for the cameras during a Cabinet meeting Monday, Feb. 4, 2008. Later, the President said, "I submitted the budget today to Congress -- it's on a laptop notebook, an e-budget. It saves paper, saves trees, saves money. I think it's the first budget submitted electronically. And it's a good budget. It's a budget that achieves some important objectives. One, it understands our top priority is to defend our country, so we fund our military, as well as fund the homeland security. Secondly, the budget keeps our economy growing." White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian

President Bush Meets with Cabinet, Discusses Budget Cabinet Room FULL STREAMING VIDEO. Fact Sheet: The President's FY09 Budget and Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2009. 10:57 A.M. EST. PODCAST OF THIS ARTICLE THE PRESIDENT: Thank you all for coming. I just met with my Cabinet, where we discussed a lot of issues. And one issue we discussed is the budget. I submitted the budget today to Congress -- it's on a laptop notebook, an e-budget. It saves paper, saves trees, saves money. I think it's the first budget submitted electronically. And it's a good budget. It's a budget that achieves some important objectives. One, it understands our top priority is to defend our country, so we fund our military, as well as fund the homeland security. Secondly, the budget keeps our economy growing. It's central that we make sure that we deal with the uncertainties -- the economic uncertainties we face.

And that's why we're working hard with the House and the Senate to get a growth package out quickly that will put money in the hands of consumers and provide incentives to small businesses and large businesses to invest.

Thirdly, we recognize that in order for this economy to grow, it's important to make the tax relief permanent. And that's what this budget reflects. It's a budget that boosts money for education and health and housing. It helps deal with the issue of making the tax code more fair for individuals who want to buy health insurance in the individual market.

This budget is one that keeps spending under control; discretionary spending is held to less than 1 percent. It eliminates 151 wasteful or bloated programs, saving the taxpayers $18 billion. It also takes a hard look at entitlement growth over the next five years, and provides specific recommendations to save $208 billion over those five years. At the same time, the budget achieves balance by 2012.

This is a good, solid budget. It's not only an innovative budget, in that it's coming to Congress over the Internet, it's a budget that's balanced -- gets to balance in 2012 and saves taxpayers money.

You know, in my State of the Union I said to the Congress that there's a lot of talk about entitlement spending. Once again, we've proposed specific reforms and specific measures. And Congress needs to come up with its own ideas. And Congress needs to respond to these looming deficits as a result of unfunded liabilities inherent in Social Security and Medicare. Our budget does that. Our budget protects America and it encourages economic growth. Congress needs to pass it.

Thank you very much.

END 11:01 A.M. EST. For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary February 4, 2008

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Why the web tells us what we already know

The Internet is not the font of all knowledge, despite the plethora of information available at your fingertips. Researchers from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) have found that while Internet searches do bring up a variety of useful materials, people pay more attention to information that matches their pre-existing beliefs.

“Even if people read the right material, they are stubborn to changing their views,” said one of the authors, UNSW Professor Enrico Coiera, the Director of the Centre for Health Informatics. “This means that providing people with the right information on its own may not be enough.”

The research considered how people use Internet search engines to answer health questions.

“We know that the web is increasingly being used by people to help them make healthcare decisions,” said Professor Coiera. “We know that there can be negative consequences if people find the wrong information, especially as people in some countries can now self-medicate by ordering drugs online. Australians can order complementary medicines online and these can interfere with other medications.

“Our research shows that, even if search engines do find the ‘right’ information, people may still draw the wrong conclusions – in other words, their conclusions are biased.”

What also matters is where the information appears in the search results and how much time a person spends looking at it, according to the research which has been published in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.

“The first or the last document the user sees has a much greater impact on their decisions,” said Professor Coiera.

Professor Coiera and Dr Annie Lau have designed an interface to help people make sense of the information which they are presented with and to break down these decision biases.

“The new search engine interface we have designed could be a part of any search engine and allows people to organise the information they find, and as a result organise their thoughts better,” said Professor Coiera.

While the research was conducted in the area of health, Professor Coiera said the results – and the technology – are applicable to other fields too.

Contact: Professor Enrico Coiera e.coiera@unsw.edu.au 61-437-044-180 University of New South Wales

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Freedom Calendar 02/02/08 - 02/09/08

February 2, 1856, After leaving Democratic Party because of its pro-slavery policies, U.S. Rep. Nathaniel Banks (R-MA) becomes first Republican Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.

February 3, 1870, After passing House with 98% Republican support and 97% Democrat opposition, Republicans’ 15th Amendment is ratified, granting vote to all Americans regardless of race.

February 4, 1959, President Eisenhower informs Republican leaders of his plan to introduce 1960 Civil Rights Act, despite staunch opposition from many Democrats.

February 5, 1866, U.S. Rep. Thaddeus Stevens (R-PA) introduces legislation, successfully opposed by Democrat President Andrew Johnson, to implement “40 acres and a mule” relief by distributing land to former slaves.

February 6, 1981 President Ronald Reagan designates 1981 as the International Year of Disabled Persons.

February 7, 1983, Republican Elizabeth Dole appointed by President Ronald Reagan as first woman to be U.S. Secretary of Transportation; she would later become first woman to represent North Carolina in U.S. Senate.

February 8, 1894, Democrat Congress and Democrat President Grover Cleveland join to repeal Republicans’ Enforcement Act, which had enabled African-Americans to vote.

February 9, 1864, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton deliver over 100,000 signatures to U.S. Senate supporting Republicans’ plans for constitutional amendment to ban slavery.

“The Republican Party, on the contrary [to the Democrats], holds that this government was instituted to secure the blessings of freedom, and that slavery is an unqualified evil… . [Republicans] will oppose in all its length and breadth the modern Democratic idea that slavery is as good as freedom.”

Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States

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Presidential Podcast 02/02/08

Presidential Podcast 02/02/08 . Subscribe to Our Podcast feed or online podnova Podcast Channel and receive the weekly Presidential Radio Address in English and Spanish with select State Department Briefings. Featuring full audio and text transcripts, More content Sources added often so stay tuned.

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Mrs. Bush's Radio Address to the Nation 02/02/08

bush radio address 02/02/08 full audio, text transcript. Mrs. Bush's Radio Address . MRS. BUSH: Good morning. This is Laura Bush. For the weekly radio address, President Bush has handed the mic over to me. And today, I'd like to talk about something that's close to my heart -- America's heart health.

February is American Heart Month -- a time to start heart-healthy habits, and to learn about the risk factors for heart disease. These risk factors include smoking, being overweight, lack of exercise, diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol, family history, and age. Heart disease affects more than 80 million people in the United States and claims the life of one American every minute.

By now, many women who've tuned in may be tempted to tune out. A few years ago, I might have. Like many women, I assumed heart disease was a "man's disease." But the Heart Truth is this: that heart disease is the leading cause of death among American women. In 2002, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute launched the Heart Truth campaign, and asked me to join.

Over the last five years, I've seen the Heart Truth campaign spread the word to women about how they can protect their heart health. Symptoms of a heart attack can be different in women than in men. Symptoms in women can include persistent fatigue, difficulty breathing, and a pain in the jaw or neck. If women have these symptoms, they should go immediately to the hospital.

Nothing draws attention like a little red dress, so this is the Heart Truth's symbol. Across the country, people are rallying around that dress. Women are taking heart disease more seriously. So are their doctors. And every year from 2000 to 2005, heart disease deaths among women decreased.

This is good progress, but we still want more people to know the Heart Truth. Too many women, especially African-American women, die of heart disease. More than 80 percent of middle-aged women have at least one risk factor and many of them don't know it.

Last year, as part of my work to tell the Heart Truth, I went on the Rachael Ray show, where I described the symptoms of heart attacks in women. One woman who watched, Candy Stauffer, says that a few weeks after she saw the show she woke up feeling nauseated and bothered by pain in the jaw. Candy's daughter remembered what she'd heard on Rachael Ray. And because Candy and her daughter paid attention to the symptoms of heart trouble, Candy got to the emergency room in time to be treated.

Since her close call, Candy has started exercising every day. She's dropped 45 pounds. Now she's calling on others to take better care of their hearts. "My family is more aware," Candy says. "My friends are more aware." Even in line at the grocery store, Candy will tell other people about heart disease.

I'm proud to serve as the Heart Truth's official national ambassador. But I'm even more proud of America's unofficial heart-health ambassadors. Across the United States, doctors, researchers, and patients like Candy Stauffer are telling the Heart Truth, and they're saving women's lives. This American Heart Month, all of us can be Heart Truth ambassadors. Start by protecting your own heart, and spread the word to others. February is a month known for Valentines. This February, encourage your loved ones to take care of their health. It's the best Valentine's gift you could possibly give. Thanks for listening. END

For Immediate Release Office of the Press Secretary February 1, 2008

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Discurso Radial de la Primera Dama a la Nación 02/02/08

forre el audio de la dirección de radio 2/02/08 por completo, transcripción del texto. (nota de los redactores: ninguna lengua española mp3 lanzó esta semana, apesadumbrada) PODCAST

Suscribir a nuestro canal de Podcast de Odeo o del podnova y recibir la dirección de radio presidencial semanal en inglés y español con informes selectos del departamento del estado. Ofreciendo transcripciones audio y con texto completo verdaderas, más fuentes contentas agregaron a menudo así que la estancia templó.

Buenos días. Les habla Laura Bush. El Presidente Bush me ha entregado el micrófono para el discurso radial de esta semana. Me gustaría hablar sobre algo muy importante para mí: la salud cardiovascular de los estadounidenses.

Febrero es el Mes del Corazón en Estados Unidos, momento de adoptar buenos hábitos para el corazón y de aprender sobre los factores de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiacas. Estos factores de riesgo incluyen fumar, no hacer suficiente ejercicio, tener diabetes, sobrepeso, presión arterial y colesterol altos, antecedentes familiares y edad. Las enfermedades del corazón afectan a más de 80 millones de personas en Estados Unidos y cobran la vida de un estadounidense cada minuto.

A estas alturas, muchas mujeres que me escuchan quizá sientan la tentación de dejar de prestar atención. Yo quizá haya hecho lo mismo hace unos años. Como muchas mujeres, suponía que las enfermedades del corazón afectaban sólo a los hombres. Pero lo cierto es que las enfermedades del corazón son la principal causa de muerte entre las mujeres en Estados Unidos. En el 2002, el Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre inició una campaña denominada Heart Truth, la verdad acerca del corazón, y me pidió que fuera parte de ella.

Durante los últimos cinco años, he visto a la campaña Heart Truth difundir información sobre formas en que las mujeres pueden proteger su salud coronaria. Entre las mujeres, los síntomas de un ataque al corazón pueden ser diferentes a los de los hombres. Los síntomas de las mujeres pueden incluir fatiga persistente, dificultad para respirar y dolor de la mandíbula o cuello. Las mujeres que tengan estos síntomas deben acudir inmediatamente al hospital.

Nada llama más la atención que un vestido rojo, por lo que ése es el símbolo de Heart Truth. En todo el país, ese vestido está haciendo que las personas se movilicen. Las mujeres están tomando más en serio las enfermedades del corazón. Sus médicos también lo están haciendo. Y el número de muertes entre mujeres por causa de enfermedades del corazón disminuyó todos los años entre el 2000 y el 2005.

Éste es un logro, pero queremos que incluso más personas sepan la verdad sobre Heart Truth. Demasiadas mujeres, particularmente las afro-americanas, mueren de enfermedades del corazón. Más de 80 por ciento de las mujeres de mediana edad tienen por lo menos un factor de riesgo, y muchas de ellas no lo saben.

El año pasado, como parte de mi labor para informar al público sobre el tema, aparecí en el programa de Rachael Ray, donde describí los síntomas de los ataques al corazón entre mujeres. Una mujer que lo vio, Candy Stauffer, dice que unas semanas después de ver el programa se levantó sintiendo náuseas y dolor de mandíbula. La hija de Candy recordó lo que había oído en el programa de Rachael Ray. Y debido a que Candy y su hija prestaron atención a los síntomas de los problemas de corazón, Candy llegó a la sala de urgencias a tiempo para recibir tratamiento.

Desde esa oportunidad en que se salvó por muy poco, Candy ha comenzado a hacer ejercicio todos los días. Ha perdido 45 libras. Ahora está alentando a otros a cuidarse más, a pensar en su corazón. "Mi familia está más consciente", afirma Candy. "Mis amigos están más conscientes". Incluso en la cola del supermercado, Candy les habla a las demás personas sobre las enfermedades del corazón.

Es un orgullo para mí ser la embajadora nacional oficial de Heart Truth. Pero estoy incluso más orgullosa de los embajadores extraoficiales de la salud del corazón en Estados Unidos. En todo el país, médicos, investigadores y pacientes como Candy Stauffer difunden la verdad acerca del corazón y les salvan la vida a muchas mujeres. Este Mes del Corazón en Estados Unidos, todos nosotros podemos ser embajadores de Heart Truth. Comiencen protegiendo su propio corazón y luego corran la voz. El mes de febrero trae a la mente el Día de San Valentín. Este febrero, anime a sus seres queridos a cuidar de su salud. Es el mejor regalo de San Valentín que les podría dar. Gracias por escuchar.

Para su publicación inmediata Oficina del Secretario de Prensa 1 de febrero de 2008

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Ron Paul new television ad "Our Nation is in Trouble" VIDEO

From: Ron Paul 2008 - MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA – Republican Texas Congressman and presidential candidate Ron Paul begins to run television and radio ads in Minnesota today. The ads will run focusing on the economy and Ron Paul’s unmatched Republican record.

“Ron Paul is the only Republican candidate committed to win Minnesota,” says Ron Paul Minnesota State Coordinator, Marianne Stebbins. “The other candidates are not interested in Minnesota as demonstrated by their lack of organization, time, and money spent in the state.”

Ron Paul is the only Republican with a Minnesota office. Minnesota is a target state for the Ron Paul Campaign. With eight days until the February 5 Republican caucus, Minnesotans can expect more from the Ron Paul campaign.

“We have the numbers and organization statewide to compete in Minnesota,” says Stebbins. “We plan on surprising many people on February 5.” ###

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